The discovery of African swine fever (ASF) in China’s wild boar population in late2018 adds a new dimension to the already ominous disease threat — one thatcould possibly leave the Chinese to deal with endemic ASF for years to come.
2018年底在中国野猪群中发现非洲猪瘟(ASF)，为中国生猪养殖本已不容乐观的疾病威胁又增添了一个新的威胁，ASF可能会让中国在未来数年内不得安宁。
“ASF has moved farther in Asia during the first year ofthe outbreak than it has throughout the entire duration of Europe’s decade-longASF struggle,” Clayton Johnson, DVM, Carthage Veterinary Clinic, reported lastweek during a roundtable discussion.
迦太基兽医诊所的克莱顿•约翰逊博士在上周的一次讨论会议中报告说，在疫情爆发的第一年，ASF在亚洲的传播范围比在欧洲长达十年时间传播的范围还要广。
Infact, a pig carcass washed up on Kinmen Island, part of Taiwan, in earlyJanuary, he reported. Following testing, Taiwan’s Council of Agriculturereported that the virus was “100% similar to the isolate strain in mainlandChina.”
他说，事实上，今年1月初，一头死猪被冲上了中国台湾的金门岛。经检测，台湾农业委员会报告该病毒与中国大陆分离毒株100%相似。
To explore the situation further, Johnson joined his Carthage colleague, NealBenjamin, DVM, and Chris Rademacher, DVM, Iowa State University, for aroundtable discussion following their recent visits to Nanchang, China. Theroundtable, which was organized by Pig Health Today and sponsored by Zoetis,was a follow up to an earlier podcast, “ASF threat: Three US swinevets share insights from the frontline.”
为了进一步了解这一情况，约翰逊在最近访问了中国南昌之后，与他在迦太基的同事尼尔·本杰明博士(Neal Benjamin)以及爱荷华州立大学(Iowa State University)的克里斯·拉德马赫博士(Chris Rademacher)一起参加了讨论。这次会议由今日猪健康和硕腾赞助，是早先直播“ASF的威胁：三位美国猪兽医分享来自前线的见解”的后续报道。
“If I had one take-away,” Benjamin said of his visit, “itwould be that we definitely don’t want it [ASF] to wash up on our shores.”
本杰明谈到他的这次访问时说:“如果我有一个建议的话，那就是我们绝对不希望ASF走进我们哪怕半步。
Fuzzy reporting
调查报告
AlthoughChina’s outbreak poses significant risk of exposure to the US, theveterinarians reveal there also are many lessons to apply. The challenge isgetting a handle on where and how many ASF cases there are in China, they said.
ASF疫情在中国的爆发对美国造成了重大风险，但兽医们表示，也有许多经验教训值得借鉴。他们说，目前的挑战是掌握中国ASF病例的分布和数量。
That’sprimarily due to the structural makeup of the country’s hog production and itsculture, but reports of ASF entering the country’s wild boar population havemade it even more difficult to assess the virus’ prevalence and transmissionrate. Having the government managing the data hasn’t been an effective orreliable solution.
这主要是由于中国生猪的生产和养殖的结构组成，但有关ASF如何进入中国野猪群的报告使评估病毒的流行和传播率变得更加困难，中国政府的相关数据并不是十分有效或可靠。
Forexample, Rademacher cited the government-reported ASF cases as of Decembertotaled approximately 100, located in more than 20 provinces and fourmunicipalities, including Beijing. “The most recent official numbers I’ve heardis about 600,000 animals were euthanized [in China due to ASF],” he added.
拉德马赫引用了截至去年12月，中国政府报告的ASF病例总数约100例，分布在包括北京在内的20多个省和4个直辖市。他补充说:“我所听到的最新官方数字是中国大约有60万只动物因ASF而被扑杀。”
However,but those numbers conflict with anecdotal reports from the field. The three USveterinarians and their Chinese counterparts wonder whether all of the ASFcases are being officially reported, particularly any found within a controlzone following an initial case. Some believe the tally could be as much as10-fold higher. Benjamin advised caution with word-of-mouth estimates but saidthe number of ASF cases in China is “likely much more widespread than is beingreported in the media.”
然而，政府报道的发病数据与民间报道相矛盾。这三名美国兽医和他们的中国同行想知道，是否所有的ASF病例都得到了官方报告，尤其是在最初病例出现后在一个控制区内未发现任何其他病例。一些人认为，真实数字可能会高出10倍。本杰明建议谨慎估计民间相传的ASF病例情况，但他说，中国ASF病例的数量可能比媒体报道的要多的多。
Headded that even though China has many modern, integrated swine companies usingall the latest technologies, 99% of the pig farms produce less than 500 pigs ayear and 95% produce less than 50 pigs. “There are still a lot of backyard-typefarmers out there,” Benjamin said.
他补充说，尽管中国有许多最新技术的现代化、一体化的养猪企业，但99%的养猪场每年的生猪出栏量不足500头，95%的养猪场的生猪产量不足50头。本杰明说:“仍然有很多后院型养猪的农民。
Addressingwhether ASF elimination in China is even possible, Rademacher said, “I reallydidn’t walk away feeling very hopeful.”
谈到ASF是否有可能在中国被消灭时，拉德马赫说：“我真的没有抱太大希望”。
Swillfeeding is a problem
泔水喂养是个大问题
Certainly,ASF is an equal-opportunity virus, causing problems for all sized operations,but China’s small- and mid-size operations are getting hit the hardest. It’snot to go unnoticed that the large integrators often are located within thesame areas as the smaller producers, which expands the exposure challenge.
当然，ASF病毒对所有养猪生产者都带来了威胁，但中国中小型养殖场受到的冲击最大。不可忽视的是，大型集团往往与较小的养殖场位于同一领域，这加大了被感染的风险。
Part of the reason small- and mid-size producers are most at risk can be due to lessintensive biosecurity practices, but those operations also tend to be locatedat the outer rings of large cities. Those producers rely heavily on swillfeeding and uncooked restaurant leftovers, Rademacher noted, which was thelikely exposure route for the ASF cases reported near Beijing.
中小型养殖场面临最大风险的部分原因可能是生物安全措施的实施不够到位，但这些企业往往位于大城市的外圈。拉德马赫指出，这些生猪养殖者严重依赖泔水喂养和餐馆未煮熟的剩饭，这是北京附近报告的ASF病例最可能的传播途径。
Ingrainedin the Chinese culture is to let nothing go to waste, the panelists said, soconvincing hog farmers that swill feeding poses an ASF risk will be achallenge. “They’ve talked about banning swill feeding to minimize the spread,”Rademacher said. But swill feeding will be “a big hurdle for them in any sortof control and eradication effort moving forward.”
专家组成员说，在中国文化中根深蒂固的是不浪费任何东西，因此说服养殖户相信泔水喂养生猪存在ASF风险将是一项挑战。拉德马赫说:“他们已经讨论过禁止泔水喂养，以减少病毒的传播。”但在对ASF任何形式的控制和根除的努力中，泔水喂养都将是它们前进的一大障碍。
Benjaminrelayed that a Canadian presenter at a swine veterinary conference in Chinareported that his country is planning to eliminate swill feeding. With anestimated 20 US states still allowing the practice, Benjamin believes it istime to seriously consider eliminating swill feeding here at home.
本杰明转述说，在中国举行的一个猪兽医会议上，一位加拿大的发言者报告说，加拿大计划取消泔水喂养。据估计，美国有20个州仍允许这种做法，本杰明认为，是时候认真考虑在美国取消泔水喂养了。
Certainly,in the US, feed and ingredients have received significant attention because theindustry imports so much from China. But the Chinese have been dealing withnumerous other virus-transmission routes and have pushed feed low on thepriority list. They did ban porcine plasma from swine diets and, more recently,recorded positive-ASF tests from feed ingredients and complete feed, Rademachernoted, so they are coming to terms with other potential vectors.
当然，美国非常关注中国的饲料和饲料原料，因为美国养猪行业从中国进口了大量的原料和产品。而中国可能忽视了饲料这一传播途径，并将饲料置于生物安全优先级较低的位置。拉德马赫指出，中国确实禁止猪饲料中添加猪血浆，最近还记录了从饲料原料和全价料中ASF阳性的检测结果，因此他们正在关注中国饲料中其他潜在的威胁因素。
Headded that pressure is mounting from foreign customers who purchase feedingredients from China. They’re asking about biosecurity measures andmanufacturing processes, trying to identify any potentially risky ingredientproviders, especially if located within ASF-infected areas.
他补充说，从中国购买饲料原料的外国客户面临越来越大的压力,他们询问生物安全措施和生产流程，试图找出任何存在潜在风险的供应商，特别是在ASF感染地区。
“Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus was in China for a longtime before it, unfortunately, hitched a ride” and entered the US, Rademachersaid. “So, that [feed ingredients] will be a clear, present and continualthreat for the US swine industry.”
猪流行性腹泻病毒在中国流行了很长一段时间，不幸的是，它搭上了顺风车进入了美国，拉德马赫说。因此，来自中国的饲料原料对美国养猪业将是一个明确、现实和持续的威胁。
Protectingthe US homeland
保护美国本土免受ASF侵袭
Peopleand contaminated meat products present an on-going ASF-transmission risk bothwithin and outside of China. “It only takes one person to bring in incorrectproduct,” Benjamin said. “We know that ASF can survive a lot of the standardcooking procedures that we would normally use for pork products.”
人和受污染的肉类产品在中国国内外都存在持续传播ASF的风险。本杰明说，一个人就能带来存在ASF的产品。我们知道ASF病毒可以在很多猪肉产品的烹饪过程中存活下来。
NeitherBenjamin nor Rademacher knew of any clear strategy that the Chinese areimplementing to test or monitor ASF in pork products and prevent theirdistribution.
本杰明和拉德马赫都不知道中国正在实施什么明确的策略来检测或监控猪肉产品中的非洲猪瘟病毒，并阻止其销售。
Benjaminnoted that professionals in China’s pig sector are nervous that with theupcoming Chinese New Year and Spring Festival, more ASF flareups could result.That’s because culturally, sharing specialty and cured pork products is asignificant part of their holiday celebrations. “You literally have a billionChinese residents moving around, traveling back and forth across the country,”Johnson noted.
本杰明指出，中国养猪业的专业人士担心，随着中国农历新年和春节的临近，可能会出现更多的非洲猪瘟疫情。这是因为在文化上，分享特色和熏制猪肉产品是他们节日庆祝活动的重要组成部分。约翰逊说:“中国有10亿居民在各地流动，在全国各地旅游。”
Similarconcerns arise as travelers enter the US, where screening measures fall upon USCustoms and Border Protection agents. Both Benjamin and Rademacher have noticedmore messaging about foreign animal diseases at airports, albeit not specificallyabout ASF. They also cited more beagles sniffing around luggage carousels andmore random individual checks.
当旅客进入美国时，也会产生类似的担忧。这就由美国海关和边境保护局负责筛查措施。本亚明和拉德马赫都注意到在机场有更多关于外来动物疾病的信息，尽管不是特别针对非洲猪瘟的。他们还指出，需要加强警犬对传送行李的检查，及增加个人随机检查比例。
“These are all good first steps,” Rademacher said,pointing out that pork-industry associations have been talking with USDepartment of Agriculture (USDA) and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service(APHIS) to get more messaging and checks in place.
“这些都是好的开始，”拉德马赫说，猪肉行业协会一直在与美国农业部和动植物卫生检验局进行磋商，以获得更多的信息和监管措施。
However,Benjamin learned from a recent Washington, DC, trip that there are only about120 beagles responsible for monitoring all of the incoming cargo for the entireUS, 24 hours a day. Securing funding for more trained beagles is another effortthat industry associations are working on to prevent accidental introduction ofASF.
然而，本杰明最近在华盛顿特区的一次旅行中了解到，美国只有大约120只警犬负责全天24小时监控所有入境货物。行业协会另一项工作是正在努力争取训练警犬的资金，以防止意外引入非洲猪瘟。
Lessons learned
经验教训
Withoutquestion, China’s ASF dealings present sobering news almost daily, but Johnsonadded, it also offers “a case study of what’s being tried and what’s working ornot working.”
毫无疑问，关于非洲猪瘟，中国几乎每天都能带来令人警醒的消息。但约翰逊补充说，它也提供了“一个案例研究，看看哪些正在尝试，哪些正在奏效，哪些没有奏效。”
One of the lessons is to ensure that small- and mid-size US producers are informedand part of the communication plan. “We don’t always think about smaller,organic, niche-market producers who are not necessarily members ofpork-industry groups,” Benjamin said. It’s critical to develop those contactsand build an information base before there’s an outbreak. That includes theshow-pig sector.
其中一个教训是，要确保美国中小养猪生产者有得到ASF相关信息的渠道，并成为沟通计划的一部分。本杰明说:“我们并不总是考虑那些规模较小的养猪生产者，他们不一定是猪肉行业的成员。至关重要的是，在疫情爆发之前联系并建立一个信息库。
Thethreat of ASF “really reinforces the need for premises identification (ID),”Rademacher said. He believes that long term, discussions need to considerwhether premises ID should be voluntary or made mandatory in order to marketany type of meat.
拉德马赫说，ASF的威胁确实加强了用户端识别(ID)和提前诊断的必要性。他认为，从长远来看，需要讨论的是，为了销售任何类型的肉类，ASF用户端识别和（ID）提前诊断应该是自愿的还是强制的。
Althoughit’s known that the ASF virus is a large, complicated virus that is extremelyresilient in the environment, we need to understand more, such as what is theinfectious dose in feed and water.
虽然已知ASF病毒是一种大型、复杂的病毒，在环境中具有极强的生命力，但我们还需要了解更多，比如在饲料和水中的感染剂量是多少。
Thatmeans continuing to fund research and education, Rademacher said, as well asworking with USDA/APHIS when possible.
这意味着持续为研究和教育提供资金，Rademacher说，并且尽可能与美国农业部及动物卫生检查局合作。
The US needs a thorough evaluation of its exposure risks. “As we think aboutdeveloping biosecurity strategies to try and keep it [ASF] out of the US andout of our farms, we need to think about long-term strategies that we cancontinue to implement 2, 5, 10 years down the road,” Benjamin said. “So, wereally need to look at everything.”
美国需要对ASF感染的风险进行彻底评估。本杰明说:“当我们考虑制定生物安全战略，试图让ASF远离美国和我们的农场时，我们需要考虑长期的战略，我们可以在今后的2年、5年、10年继续实施这些战略。”所以，我们真的需要关注这一切。
Johnson’sadvice for the US swine veterinarians and producers today is to know where yourrisks are and eliminate as many as possible “and use good, old-fashionedbiosecurity methods of chemical disinfectants, and our friends heat anddowntime,” he added.
他补充说:“约翰逊今天给美国猪兽医和养殖户的建议是，要知道你的风险在哪里，并尽可能消除风险，使用好的、常规的化学消毒剂（进行消毒）的生物安全方法，以及确保加热和烘干的时间。”
Otherthings to plan for now include pig-housing options and a way to keep feed binsfull to withstand a short-term stop-movement of pigs, Rademacher suggested.
拉德马赫建议，现在需要计划的其他事情还包括猪舍位置的选择，尽量减少猪只的转移频率。
Future needs
未来需求
Thethree veterinarians agreed that an ASF vaccine is necessary to control, muchless eliminate, the virus. It appears tobe endemic in China and could become so in the rest of Southeast Asia, Johnsonsaid.
三位兽医一致认为，ASF疫苗对于控制和消灭这种病毒是必要的。约翰逊说，这种疾病似乎在中国很流行，在东南亚其他地区也可能成为一种地方病。
“Vaccine is our only [long-term] solution,” he added. Thatwon’t be quick or easy, as he pointed to Europe’s efforts for years withoutsuccess.
他补充说:“疫苗是我们唯一的(长期)解决方案。他指出，这不是一件容易的事，因为欧洲多年来的努力都没有取得成功。
“Until we have a vaccine, we won’t be able to get it undercontrol anywhere; and we certainly won’t be able to respond to it as we wouldlike to in the US.”
直到我们有了疫苗，我们才能将其控制；当然，我们不希望ASF在美国流行。
Editor’snote: This roundtable was organized and sponsored to enhance the US porkindustry’s understanding of ASF. Theopinions and recommendations provided in this report are the panelists’ and notnecessarily shared by Pig Health Today or Zoetis.
编者注:本次会议的组织和赞助的目的是增进美国猪肉行业对ASF的了解。本报告所提供的意见和建议均为专家小组成员提供，不一定代表《今日猪只健康》或《硕腾》。
Postedon January 9, 2019
发布于2019年1月9日
说明：本文译自 PIG HEALTH TOADY，供阅读讨论，由于英语水平有限，可能存在翻译不当的地方，请批评指正。
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